Skip to content Skip to sidebar Skip to footer
Home / Sexy Bathing Suits Sexy Bathing Suits That You Can Find Near Me

Sexy Bathing Suits Sexy Bathing Suits That You Can Find Near Me

Post a Comment

Attribute of history

Woman wearing bikini in Chicago (1973)

Evidence of bikini-style women's clothing has been found as early on as 5600 BC,[ citation needed ] [ original research? ] and the history of the bikini can be traced back to that era. Illustrations of women wearing bikini-like garments during competitive athletic events in the Roman era take been found in several locations, the most famous of which is at Villa Romana del Casale.

Although two-piece bathing suits were being used by women as early as the 1930s, the bikini is commonly dated to July 5, 1946, when, partly due to fabric rationing later World War 2, French engineer Louis Réard introduced the modern bikini, modeled by Micheline Bernardini. Reard named his design for the Bikini Atoll, where the first post-war tests of the diminutive flop were taking identify.

French women welcomed the design but the Catholic Church, some media, and a majority of the public initially idea the design was risqué or even scandalous. Contestants in the first Miss World dazzler pageant wore them in 1951, only the bikini was then banned from the competition. Actress Brigitte Bardot drew attending when she was photographed wearing a bikini on the beach during the Cannes Film Festival in 1953. Other actresses, including Rita Hayworth and Ava Gardner, likewise received press attention when they wore bikinis. During the early on 1960s, the design appeared on the cover of Playboy and Sports Illustrated, giving it additional legitimacy. Ursula Andress made a huge affect when she emerged from the surf wearing what is now an iconic bikini in the James Bond movie Dr. No (1962). The deer skin bikini Raquel Welch wore in the film One One thousand thousand Years B.C. (1966) turned her into an international sex symbol and was described every bit a definitive wait of the 1960s.

The bikini gradually grew to proceeds wide acceptance in Western society. According to French way historian Olivier Saillard, the bikini is maybe the most popular type of female beachwear effectually the globe because of "the power of women, and non the power of fashion". As he explains, "The emancipation of swimwear has ever been linked to the emancipation of women."[i] By the early 2000s, bikinis had get a US$811 one thousand thousand business annually, and boosted spin-off services like bikini waxing and sun tanning.[ii]

In antiquity [edit]

Pre-Roman [edit]

In the Chalcolithic era of around 5600 BC, the mother-goddess of Çatalhöyük, a big ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, was depicted astride two leopards while wearing a bikini-like costume.[3] 2-slice garments worn by women for athletic purposes are depicted on Greek urns and paintings dating back to 1400 BC.[4] Active women of ancient Greece wore a breastband chosen a mastodeton or an apodesmos , which continued to be used as an undergarment in the Center Ages.[v] While men in ancient Greece abased the perizoma, partly high-cutting briefs and partly loincloth, women performers and acrobats continued to clothing it.[half dozen]

Roman [edit]

Artwork dating back to the Diocletian menstruum (286-305 Advert) in Villa Romana del Casale, Sicily, excavated past Gino Vinicio Gentili in 1950–60, depicts women in garments resembling bikinis in mosaics on the floor.[1] [seven] The images of ten women, dubbed the "Bikini Girls",[8] exercising in clothing that would pass every bit bikinis today, are the almost replicated mosaic among the 37 meg colored tiles at the site.[9] In the artwork "Coronation of the Winner" washed in floor mosaic in the Chamber of the 10 Maidens (Sala delle Dieci Ragazze in Italian[ten]) the bikini girls are depicted weight-lifting, discus throwing, and running. Some activities depicted take been described every bit dancing,[11] equally their bodies resemble dancers rather than athletes.[12] Coronation in the title of the mosaic comes from a woman in a toga with a crown in her hand and one of the maidens holding a palm frond.[7] Some academics maintain that the nearby prototype of Eros, the primordial god of lust, dear, and intercourse, was added later, demonstrating the owner'due south predilections and strengthening the clan of the bikini with the erotic.[13] [xiv] Similar mosaics take been discovered in Tellaro in northern Italy and Patti, some other part of Sicily.[15] Prostitution, skimpy clothes and athletic bodies were related in ancient Rome, equally images were found of female sexual activity workers exercising with dumbbells/clappers and other equipment wearing costumes like to the Bikini Girls.[16]

Charles Seltman, a fellow of Queens' Higher, Cambridge, curator of the Archaeology Museum there and an editor of The Cambridge Aboriginal History, illustrated a chapter titled "The new woman" in his volume Women in Artifact with a 1950s model wearing an identical bikini confronting the fourth-century mosaics from Piazza Armerina as role of a sisterhood between the bikini-clad female athletes of ancient Greco-Romans and modern adult female. A photograph of the mosaic was used by Sarah Pomeroy, Professor of Classics at Hunter College and the Graduate Eye, City University of New York, in the 1994 British edition of her book Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves to emphasize a similar identification.[17] According to archeologist George One thousand.A. Hanfmann the bikini girls made the learned observers realize "how modern the ancients were".[18]

In ancient Rome, the bikini-style bottom, a wrapped loincloth of material or leather, was called a subligar or subligaculum ("little binding underneath"), while a ring of cloth or leather to support the breasts was called strophium or mamillare.[20] The exercising bikini girls from Piazza Armerina clothing subligaria, scanty briefs made every bit a overnice version of a human being'south perizoma, and a strophium band almost the breasts, often referred to in literature equally just fascia, which can mean whatsoever kind of bandage. Ascertainment of artifacts and experiments shows bands had to be wrapped several times around the breasts, largely to flatten them in a way pop with flappers in the 1920s.[21] These Greco-Roman breastbands may have flattened big breasts and padded pocket-sized breasts to look bigger. Evidence suggests regular use.[22] The "bikini girls" from Piazza Armerina, some of whom sport the braless look of the late 20th century, do not depict any propensity of such popularity in style.[21] One bottom, made of leather, from Roman Great britain was plant in a first century Advertizing well in London.[23] There has been no bear witness that these bikinis were for swimming or sunday-bathing.[24]

Finds especially in Pompeii show the Roman goddess Venus wearing a bikini. A statue of the Venus in a bikini was constitute in a cupboard in the southwest corner in Casa della Venere, others were constitute in the front hall.[25] A statue of the Venus was recovered from the tablinum of the firm of Julia Felix,[26] and another from an atrium in the garden at Via Dell'Abbondanza.[27] Naples National Archaeological Museum, which opened its limited viewing gallery of more explicit exhibits in 2000, also exhibits a "Venus in Bikini".[28] However, the Naples National Archaeological Museum is keen to stress that this statue really depicts her Greek counterpart Aphrodite as she is well-nigh to untie her sandal, a common theme among other works depicting Aphrodite.[19] The museum'due south exhibits include female statues wearing see-through gold lamé brassiere, basque and knickers.[29] The Kings of Naples discovered these Pompeii artifacts, including the one meter tall, about unclothed statue of Venus painted in gilded leaf with something like a modern bikini. They plant them and then shocking that for long periods the underground chamber was opened only to "mature persons of secure morals". Even after the doors were opened, only xx visitors were to exist admitted at a time, and children under 12 were not immune into the new part of the museum without their parents' or a teacher's permission.[28]

There are references to bikinis in ancient literature as well. Ovid, the writer ranked aslope Virgil and Horace equally i of the three canonical poets of Latin literature, suggests the breastband or long strip of fabric wrapped around the breasts and tucked in the ends, is a proficient identify to hide love-letters.[22] Martial, a Latin poet from Hispania who published betwixt Advertizement 86 and 103, satirized a female athlete he named Philaenis, who played ball in a bikini-like garb quite bluntly, making her drink, gorge and vomit in abundance and hinting at her lesbianism.[xxx] In an epigram on Chione, Martial strangely mentions a sexual practice worker who went to the bathhouse in a bikini, while it was more than natural to go unclothed.[31] Reportedly Theodora, the 6th century empress of the Byzantine Empire wore a bikini when she appeared as an actress before she captured the centre of emperor Justinian I.[18]

There is prove of ancient Roman women playing expulsim ludere , an early on version of handball, wearing a costume that has been identified as bikinis.[32]

Interval [edit]

Betwixt the classical bikinis and the mod bikini there has been a long interval. Swimming or outdoor bathing were discouraged in the Christian West and there was little need for a bathing or swimming costume till the 18th century. The bathing gown in the 18th century was a loose talocrural joint-length full-sleeve chemise-type gown made of wool or flannel, then that modesty or decency was not threatened.[33] In the first half of the 19th century the top became genu-length while an ankle-length drawer was added every bit a bottom. By the second half of the 19th century, in France, the sleeves started to vanish, the bottom became shorter to achieve just the knees and the elevation became hip-length and both became more class plumbing fixtures.[33] [34] In the 1900s women wore wool dresses on the beach that were made of upwards to ix yards (8.2 thousand) of material.[35] That standard of swimwear evolved into the modern bikini in the first of half of the 20th century.

Breakthrough [edit]

In 1907, Australian swimmer and performer Annette Kellerman was arrested on a Boston beach for wearing a form-plumbing fixtures sleeveless one-piece knitted pond tights that covered her from neck to toe, a costume she adopted from England,[33] although it became accepted swimsuit attire for women in parts of Europe by 1910.[36] Fifty-fifty in 1943, pictures of the Kellerman swimsuit were produced as testify of indecency in Esquire five. Walker, Postmaster General.[37] [38] Only, Harper'due south Bazaar wrote in June 1920 (vol. 55, no. 6, p. 138) - "Annette Kellerman Bathing Attire is distinguished past an incomparable, daring beauty of fit that always remains refined." The following year, in June 1921 (vol. 54, no. 2504, p. 101) it wrote that these bathing suits were "famous ... for their perfect fit and exquisite, plastic dazzler of line."[33]

Female swimming was introduced at the 1912 Summer Olympics. In 1913, inspired by that breakthrough, the designer Carl Jantzen made the first functional two-piece swimwear, a close-plumbing equipment one-piece with shorts on the bottom and short sleeves on top.[39] Silent films such every bit The Water Nymph (1912) saw Mabel Normand in revealing attire, and this was followed by the daringly dressed Sennett Bathing Beauties (1915–1929). The proper name "swim suit" was coined in 1915 past Jantzen Knitting Mills, a sweater manufacturer who launched a swimwear brand named the Red Diving Girl,.[xl] The first almanac bathing-suit 24-hour interval at New York's Madison Square Garden in 1916 was a landmark.[41] The swimsuit apron, a blueprint for early on swimwear, disappeared by 1918, leaving a tunic covering the shorts.[42]

During the 1920s and 1930s, people began to shift from "taking in the water" to "taking in the sun," at bathhouses and spas, and swimsuit designs shifted from functional considerations to incorporate more decorative features. Rayon was used in the 1920s in the industry of tight-fitting swimsuits,[35] but its durability, peculiarly when wet, proved problematic,[43] with jersey and silk also sometimes being used.[44] Burlesque and vaudeville performers wore two-piece outfits in the 1920s. The 1929 moving picture "Man with a Movie Camera" shows Russian women wearing early on ii-piece swimsuits which expose their midriff, and a few who are topless. Films of holidaymakers in Germany in the 1930s show women wearing two-slice suits,[45] Actress Dolores del Río was the beginning major star to vesture a two-piece women's bathing accommodate onscreen in Flying Downwards to Rio (1933).[46]

Necklines and midriff [edit]

Academy Accolade-winning actress Jane Wyman on a California beach in a two-piece swimsuit that bares the legs and midriff, 1935

By the 1930s, necklines plunged at the back, sleeves disappeared and sides were cutting away and tightened. With the development of new clothing materials, specially latex and nylon, through the 1930s swimsuits gradually began hugging the body, with shoulder straps that could be lowered for tanning.[42] Women'due south swimwear of the 1930s and 1940s incorporated increasing degrees of midriff exposure. Coco Chanel made suntans stylish,[47] and in 1932 French designer Madeleine Vionnet offered an exposed midriff in an evening gown. They were seen a year later in Gold Diggers of 1933. The Busby Berkeley film Footlight Parade of 1932 showcases aquachoreography that featured bikinis. Dorothy Lamour'south The Hurricane (1937) also showed two-piece bathing suits.[45]

The 1934 flick Fashions of 1934 featured chorus girls wearing two-piece outfits which look identical to modern bikinis.[48] In 1934, a National Recreation Clan written report on the employ of leisure time plant that swimming, encouraged by the freedom of movement the new swimwear designs provided, was 2nd only to movies in popularity as free time activeness out of a listing of 94 activities.[33] In 1935 American designer Claire McCardell cut out the side panels of a maillot-style bathing adapt, the bikini's forerunner.[49] The 1938 invention of the Telescopic Watersuit in shirred elastic cotton ushered into the terminate the era of wool. Cotton sunday-tops, printed with palm trees, and silk or rayon pyjamas, usually with a blouse top, became popular by 1939.[47] Wartime product during World State of war 2 required vast amounts of cotton, silk, nylon, wool, leather, and safety. In 1942 the United states of america War Production Board issued Regulation Fifty-85, cutting the utilise of natural fibers in clothing[50] and mandating a 10% reduction in the corporeality of fabric in women'southward beachwear.[51] To comply with the regulations, swimsuit manufacturers produced 2-piece suits with bare midriffs.[52]

Postwar [edit]

Cloth shortage continued for some time afterward the end of the war. Two-slice swimsuits without the usual brim panel and other excess material started actualization in the US when the government ordered a ten% reduction in fabric used in woman's swimwear in 1943 equally wartime rationing.[51] By that time, 2-slice swimsuits were frequent on American beaches. The July nine, 1945, Life shows women in Paris wearing like items. Hollywood stars like Ava Gardner, Rita Hayworth and Lana Turner tried similar swimwear or beachwear.[53] Pin ups of Hayworth and Esther Williams in the costume were widely distributed.[39] The most provocative swimsuit was the 1946 Moonlight Beacon, a lesser and a acme of textile that weighed only viii ounces. What fabricated the Moonlight Buoy distinctive was a large cork buckle attached to the bottoms, which made it possible to tie the top to the cork buckle and splash effectually au naturel while keeping both parts of the suit afloat. Life magazine had a photo essay on the Moonlight Buoy and wrote, "The name of the suit, of course, suggests the nocturnal conditions under which nude swimming is most agreeable."[54]

American designer Adele Simpson, a Coty American Manner Critics' Awards winner (1947) and a notable alumna of the New York art school Pratt Plant, who believed clothes must be comfortable and applied, designed a large part of her swimwear line with one-piece suits that were considered fashionable even in the early 1980s.[55] This was when Cole of California started marketing revealing prohibition suits and Catalina Swimwear introduced almost bare-back designs.[56] Teen magazines of late 1940s and 1950s featured designs of midriff-baring suits and tops. Nevertheless, midriff fashion was stated as just for beaches and informal events and considered indecent to be worn in public.[57] Hollywood endorsed the new glamour with films such every bit Neptune's Daughter (1949) in which Esther Williams wore provocatively named costumes such as "Double Entendre" and "Honey Child".[47] Williams, who also was an Apprentice Able-bodied Union champion in the 100 meter freestyle (1939)[58] and an Olympics pond finalist (1940),[59] also portrayed Kellerman in the 1952 motion-picture show Million Dollar Mermaid (titled as The One Piece Bathing Accommodate in UK).[60]

Swimwear of the 1940s, 50s and early 60s followed the silhouette mostly from the early 1930s. Keeping in line with the ultra-feminine look dominated past Dior, information technology evolved into a wearing apparel with cinched waists and synthetic bustlines, accessorized with earrings, bracelets, hats, scarves, sunglasses, hand numberless and comprehend-ups.[61] Many of these pre-bikinis had fancy names similar Double Entendre, Beloved Child (to maximize small bosoms), Shipshape (to minimize large bosoms), Diamond Lil (trimmed with rhinestones and lace), Swimming In Mink (trimmed with fur beyond the bodice) and Spearfisherman (heavy poplin with a rope belt for carrying a knife), Young man Catcher, Leading Lady, Pretty Foxy, Side Result, Forecast, and Fabled Fit.[54] According to Vogue the swimwear had go more than of "state of dress, not undress" by the mid-1950s.[61]

The mod bikini [edit]

French fashion designer Jacques Heim, who owned a embankment store in the French Riviera resort boondocks of Cannes, introduced a minimalist 2-slice design in May 1946 which he named the "Atome," after the smallest known particle of matter.[62] The lesser of his design was simply large enough to comprehend the wearer'southward navel.

At the aforementioned time, Louis Réard, a French automotive and mechanical engineer, was running his female parent's lingerie business organization[1] well-nigh Les Folies Bergères in Paris.[63] He noticed women on St. Tropez beaches rolling upwards the edges of their swimsuits to become a improve tan [one] and was inspired to produce a more than minimal blueprint. He trimmed additional fabric off the lesser of the swimsuit, exposing the wearer's navel for the first time. Réard's string bikini consisted of four triangles made from thirty square inches (194 cm2) of fabric printed with a paper blueprint.[1]

When Réard sought a model to wear his pattern at his press conference, none of the usual models would vesture the suit, so he hired nineteen year old nude dancer Micheline Bernardini from the Casino de Paris.[64] He introduced his design to the media and public on July five, 1946, in Paris[65] at Piscine Molitor, a public pool in Paris.[39] [51] Réard held the press briefing five days afterwards the first test of a nuclear device (nicknamed Able) over the Bikini Atoll during Operation Crossroads.[66] His swimsuit design shocked the printing and public because it was the first to reveal the wearer's navel.[67]

To promote his new design, Heim hired skywriters to fly in a higher place the Mediterranean resort advertising the Atome equally "the world'southward smallest bathing suit."[62] [68] [69] Not to be outdone by Heim, Réard hired his own skywriters three weeks after to wing over the French Riviera advertising his pattern as "smaller than the smallest bathing arrange in the world."[62]

Heim'southward pattern was the outset to exist worn on the embankment, merely the name given by Réard stuck with the public.[i] Despite pregnant social resistance, Réard received more than fifty,000 letters from fans. He also initiated a bold advert campaign that told the public a ii-piece swimsuit was not a genuine bikini "unless it could be pulled through a hymeneals ring."[lxx] According to Kevin Jones, curator and fashion historian at the Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising, "Réard was ahead of his time by near 15 to 20 years. Merely women in the vanguard, by and large upper-class European women embraced it."[71]

[edit]

Bikini sales did not choice up around the world every bit women stuck to traditional 2-piece swimsuits. Réard went dorsum to designing conventional knickers to sell in his female parent'south shop.[63] According to Kevin Jones, curator and fashion historian at the Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising, "Réard was ahead of his time by almost 15 to 20 years. Simply women in the vanguard, mostly upper-course European women embraced it, but like the upper-class European women who offset cast off their corsets subsequently World War I."[71] Information technology was banned in the French Atlantic coastline,[72] Spain, Kingdom of belgium and Italian republic, three countries neighboring France, every bit well as Portugal and Australia, and it was prohibited in some United states of america states,[73] and discouraged in others.[74]

In 1951, the outset Miss World competition (originally the Festival Bikini Contest),[75] [76] was organized by Eric Morley.[77] When the winner, Kiki Håkansson from Sweden, was crowned in a bikini, countries with religious traditions threatened to withdraw delegates.[78] Håkansson remains the first and last Miss World to be crowned in her bikini,[79] a crowning that was condemned by Pope Pius XII who declared the swimsuit to be sinful.[eighty] [81] Bikinis were banned from beauty pageants around the world after the controversy.[82] In 1949 the Los Angeles Times reported that Miss America Bebe Shopp on her visit to Paris said she did not approve the bikini for American girls, though she did not mind French girls wearing them.[83] Actresses in movies like My Favorite Brunette (1947) and the model on a 1948 cover of LIFE were shown in traditional two-piece swimwear, not the bikini.

In 1950, Time magazine interviewed American swimsuit mogul Fred Cole, owner of Cole of California, and reported that he had "fiddling but contemptuousness for France's famed Bikinis," considering they were designed for "diminutive Gallic women". "French girls have short legs," he explained, "Swimsuits have to be hiked up at the sides to brand their legs wait longer." Réard himself described it as a two-piece bathing suit which "reveals everything about a girl except for her mother's maiden proper name."[39] Even Esther Williams commented, "A bikini is a thoughtless act."[39] But, popularity of the charms of Pin-up queen and Hollywood star Williams were to vanish along with pre-bikinis with fancy names over the next few decades.[84] Australian designer Paula Straford introduced the bikini to Aureate Coast in 1952. In 1957, Das moderne Mädchen (The Modernistic Girl) wrote, "It is unthinkable that a decent girl with tact would always vesture such a affair." Eight years afterwards a Munich student was punished to six days cleaning work at an sometime dwelling because she had strolled across the central Viktualienmarkt square, Munich in a bikini.[85]

The Cannes connectedness [edit]

Despite the controversy, some in France admired "naughty girls who decorate our sun-drenched beaches".[86] Brigitte Bardot, photographed wearing like garments on beaches during the Cannes Film Festival (1953) helped popularize the bikini in Europe in the 1950s and created a market in the US.[53] Photographs of Bardot in a bikini, according to The Guardian, turned Saint-Tropez into the bikini capital of the world.[68] Cannes played a crucial role in the career of Brigitte Bardot, who in plow played a crucial office in promoting the Festival, largely past starting the tendency of being photographed in a bikini at her first appearance at the festival,[87] with Bardot identified as the original Cannes bathing beauty.[88] In 1952, she wore a bikini in Manina, the Girl in the Bikini (1952) (released in France as Manina, la fille sans voiles), a movie which drew considerable attention due to her scanty swimsuit. During the 1953 Cannes Movie Festival, she worked with her husband and amanuensis Roger Vadim, and garnered a lot of attention when she was photographed wearing a bikini on every beach in the south of France.[89]

Like Esther Williams did a decade earlier, Betty Grable, Marilyn Monroe and Brigitte Bardot all used revealing swimwears as career props to enhance their sex appeal,[ninety] and information technology became more accustomed in parts of Europe when worn by fifties "honey goddess" actresses such equally Bardot, Anita Ekberg and Sophia Loren.[91] British actress Diana Dors had a mink bikini made for her during the 1955 Venice Film Festival and wore it riding in a gondola down Venice's Grand Canal past St. Marking'southward Square.[52] [92]

In Spain, Benidorm played a similar role as Cannes. Shortly afterwards the bikini was banned in Spain, Pedro Zaragoza, the mayor of Benidorm convinced dictator Francisco Franco that his boondocks needed to legalize the bikini to describe tourists. In 1959, General Franco agreed and the town became a pop tourist destination. In less than four years since Franco's death in 1979, Castilian beaches and women had gone topless.[93]

Legal and moral resistance [edit]

The swimsuit was banned in Spain, Portugal and Italy, three countries neighboring France, as well as Kingdom of belgium and Australia, and it remained prohibited in many US states.[53] [73] Equally late every bit in 1959, Anne Cole, a US swimsuit designer and daughter of Fred Cole, said well-nigh a Bardot bikini, "It'southward nothing more than a Thousand-string. It's at the razor'due south edge of decency."[94] In July that year the New York Post searched for bikinis effectually New York Metropolis and institute only a couple.[54] Writer Meredith Hall wrote in her memoir that until 1965 one could get a citation for wearing a bikini in Hampton Beach, New Hampshire.[95]

In 1951, the first Miss Earth contest, originally the Festival Bikini Contest,[75] was organized by Eric Morley as a mid-century advertisement for swimwear at the Festival of Britain.[77] The printing welcomed the spectacle and referred to it as Miss Earth, and Morley registered the name every bit a trademark.[79] When, the winner Kiki Håkansson from Sweden, was crowned in a bikini, countries with religious traditions threatened to withdraw delegates. The bikinis were outlawed and evening gowns introduced instead.[78] Håkansson remains the only Miss Earth crowned in a bikini,[79] a crowning that was condemned by the Pope.[fourscore] Bikini was banned from beauty pageants around the world afterwards the controversy.[82] Catholic-majority countries like Belgium, Italy, Espana and Australia also banned the swimsuit that same yr.[73]

The National Legion of Decency pressured Hollywood to continue bikinis from being featured in Hollywood movies.[96] The Hays production code for US movies, introduced in 1930 only non strictly enforced till 1934, allowed two-piece gowns merely prohibited navels on screen.[97] But betwixt the introduction and enforcement of the code ii Tarzan movies, Tarzan, the Ape Homo (1932) and Tarzan and His Mate (1934), were released in which extra Maureen O'Sullivan wore skimpy bikini-like leather outfits. Picture show historian Bruce Goldstein described her clothes in the offset pic as "It's a loincloth open up up the side. You tin can run across loin."[98] All at Sea (a.grand.a. Barnacle Pecker) was allowed in the US in 1957 after all bikini-type clothes were removed from the flick.[99] The Daughter in the Bikini was allowed in Kansas after all the bikini shut ups were removed from the movie in 1959.[100]

In reaction to the introduction of the bikini in Paris, American swimwear manufacturers compromised cautiously by producing their own similar blueprint that included a halter and a midriff-bottom variation.[101] Though size makes all the difference in a bikini,[102] early bikinis frequently covered the navel. When the omphalos showed in pictures, information technology was airbrushed out by magazines like Seventeen. Umbilicus-less women ensured the early authority of European bikini makers over their American counterparts.[103] By the end of the decade a vogue for strapless styles developed, wired or jump for compactness and fit, along with a taste for blank-shouldered two-pieces called Footling Sinners but it was the halterneck bikini that acquired the most moral controversy considering of its caste of exposure. So much so as bikini designs called "Huba Huba" and "Revealation" were withdrawn from fashion parades in Sydney equally immodest.[104]

Rise to popularity [edit]

The advent of bikinis kept increasing both on screen and off. The sex appeal prompted film and goggle box productions, including Dr. Strangelove. They include the surf movies of the early 1960s. In 1960, Brian Hyland's song "Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini" inspired a bikini-buying spree.[105] Past 1963, the motion picture Beach Party, starring Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon, followed by Muscle Beach Party (1964), Bikini Beach (1964), and Beach Blanket Bingo (1965) that depicted teenage girls wearing bikinis, frolicking in the sand with boys, and having a great time.[106]

The beach films led a wave of films that made the bikini a popular-culture symbol. In the sexual revolution in 1960s America, bikinis became quickly popular.[i] Hollywood stars like Marilyn Monroe, Jayne Mansfield, Gina Lollobrigida, and Jane Russell helped further the growing popularity of bikinis. Pin-up posters of Monroe, Mansfield, Hayworth, Bardot and Raquel Welch too contributed significantly to its increasing popularity.[2] In 1962, Playboy featured a bikini on its encompass for the first time.[ane] [53] Two years after, Sports Illustrated featured Berlin-born style model Babette March on the cover wearing a white bikini. The issue was the first Swimsuit Issue.[one] [107] It gave the bikini legitimacy, became an annual publication and an American pop-culture staple, and sells millions of copies each year.[108] In 1965, a adult female told Fourth dimension information technology was "almost foursquare" not to wearable i. In 1967 the magazine wrote that 65% of "the young set" were wearing bikinis.[109] [110]

When Jayne Mansfield and her husband Miklós Hargitay toured for stage shows, newspapers wrote that Mansfield convinced the rural population that she owned more bikinis than anyone.[111] She showed a fair amount of her 40-inch (1,000 mm) bust, also as her midriff and legs, in the leopard-spot bikini she wore for her stage shows.[112] Kathryn Wexler of The Miami Herald wrote, "In the beginning equally we know it, there was Jayne Mansfield. Here she preens in leopard-print or striped bikinis, sucking in air to showcase her well noted physical avails."[113] Her leopard-skin bikini remains one of the before specimens of the way.[114]

In 1962, Bond Girl Ursula Andress emerged from the sea wearing a white bikini in Dr. No. The scene has been named 1 of the most memorable of the series.[115] Channel 4 alleged it the meridian bikini moment in picture show history,[116] Virgin Media puts it ninth in its top ten,[117] and height in the Bond girls.[118] The Herald (Glasgow) put the scene equally best ever on the basis of a poll.[119] It also helped shape the career of Ursula Andress,[120] and the wait of the quintessential Bond flick.[121] Andress said that she owed her career to that white bikini, remarking, "This bikini fabricated me into a success. Equally a effect of starring in Dr. No equally the first Bond girl, I was given the freedom to accept my pick of future roles and to become financially contained."[122] [123] [124] In 2001, the Dr. No bikini worn by Andress in the moving picture sold at auction for United states$61,500.[i] That white bikini has been described every bit a "defining moment in the sixties liberalization of screen eroticism".[125] Because of the shocking effect from how revealing information technology was at the time, she got referred to by the joke nickname "Ursula Undress". According to the British Broadcasting Corporation, "So iconic was the await that it was repeated 40 years afterward past Halle Drupe in the Bail movie Die Another Twenty-four hour period."[1]

Raquel Welch'south fur bikini in I One thousand thousand Years B.C. (1966) gave the world the most iconic bikini shot of all time and the poster paradigm became an iconic moment in picture palace history.[126] The affiche paradigm of the deer pare bikini in 1 Million Years B.C. made her an instant pivot-upwardly daughter.[1] Welch was featured in the studio's advertising as "wearing mankind'due south first bikini"[127] and the bikini was later described equally a "definitive look of the 1960s".[128] Her role wearing the leather bikini raised Welch to a style icon and the photo of her in the bikini became a all-time-selling pinup poster.[128] One author said, "although she had just three lines in the film, her luscious effigy in a fur bikini made her a star and the dream girl of millions of young moviegoers".[129] In 2011, Time listed Welch'southward B.C. bikini in the "Peak Ten Bikinis in Popular Civilisation".[130]

In the 1983 film Return of the Jedi, Star Wars' Princess Leia Organa was captured by Jabba the Hutt and forced to wearable a metallic bikini complete with shackles. The costume was made of brass and was and then uncomfortable that actress Carrie Fisher described it as "what supermodels will eventually wearable in the seventh band of hell." The "slave Leia" expect is ofttimes imitated past female person fans at Star Wars conventions.[131] In 1997, 51 years later on the bikini's debut, and 77 years after the Miss America Pageant was founded, contestants were immune article of clothing two-piece swimsuits, not just the swimsuits (nicknamed "bulletproof vests") traditionally issued past the pageant.[132] [133] [134] Two of the 17 swimsuit finalists wore 2-piece swimsuits, and Erika Kauffman, representing Hawaii, wore the briefest bikini of all and won the swimsuit competition.[133] In 2010, the International Federation of Bodybuilders recognized Bikini as a new competitive category.[135]

In India [edit]

Bollywood actress Sharmila Tagore appeared in a bikini in An Evening in Paris (1967),[136] a film generally remembered for the first bikini appearance of an Indian actress.[137] She likewise posed in a bikini for the sleeky Filmfare magazine.[138] [139] The costume shocked the conservative Indian audition,[140] but it also prepare a tendency of bikini-clad actresses carried frontward by Parveen Babi (in Yeh Nazdeekiyan, 1982[141]), Zeenat Aman (in Heera Panna 1973; Qurbani, 1980[141]) and Dimple Kapadia (in Bobby, 1973[141]) in the early on 1970s.[142] Wearing a bikini put her proper noun in the Indian press equally i of Bollywood's ten hottest actresses of all fourth dimension,[143] and was a transgression of female identity through a reversal of the state of modesty, which functions as a signifier of femininity in Mumbai films.[144] By 2005, it became usual for actors in Indian films to change outfits a dozen times in a single vocal — starting with a chiffon sari and ending up wearing a bikini[145] but, when Tagore was the chairperson of the Central Board of Motion picture Certification in 2005, she expressed concerns about the ascension of the bikini in Indian films.[146]

Acceptance [edit]

In France, Réard'due south company folded in 1988,[71] four years after his death.[4] By that year the bikini made upward nearly 20% of swimsuit sales, more than any other model in the US.[54] Every bit skin cancer awareness grew and a simpler aesthetic divers style in the 1990s, sales of the skimpy bikini decreased dramatically. The new swimwear code was epitomized by surf star Malia Jones, who appeared on the June 1997 cover of Shape Mag wearing a halter top two-piece for rough water.[69] After the 90s, however, the bikini came dorsum again. US market place research company NPD Group reported that sales of ii-piece swimsuits nationwide jumped 80% in 2 years.[1] On one hand the jumpsuit fabricated a big comeback in the 1980s and early on 1990s,[four] [71] on the other bikinis became briefer with the string bikini in the 1970s and 1980s.[61]

The "-kini family" (equally dubbed past author William Safire[147]), including the "-ini sisters" (as dubbed by designer Anne Cole[148]) has grown to include a large number of subsequent variations, often with a hilarious lexicon — string bikini, monokini or numokini (acme part missing), seekini (transparent bikini), tankini (tank top, bikini bottom), camikini (camisole top and bikini lesser), hikini, thong, slingshot, minimini, teardrop, and micro.[149] [150] In merely 1 major manner show in 1985, there were two-piece suits with cropped tank tops instead of the usual skimpy bandeaux, suits that are bikinis in front end and one-piece behind, suspender straps, ruffles, and daring, navel-baring cutouts.[151] To come across the fast changing tastes, some of the manufacturers have made a business out of making made-to-order bikinis in around seven minutes.[152] The world'southward most expensive bikini, made up of over 150 carats (30 chiliad) of flawless diamonds and worth a massive £twenty million, was designed in February 2006 by Susan Rosen.[153]

Actresses in action films like Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003) and Blue Beat (2002) take fabricated the two-piece "the millennial equivalent of the power suit", according to Gina Bellafonte of The New York Times,[39] [154] On September nine, 1997, Miss Maryland Jamie Trick was the showtime contestant in 50 years to compete in a 2-piece swimsuit to compete in the Preliminary Swimsuit Competition at the Miss America Pageant.[155] PETA used celebrities like Pamela Anderson, Traci Bingham and Alicia Mayer wearing a bikini fabricated of iceberg-lettuce for an advertisement campaign to promote vegetarianism.[156] [157] A protester from Columbia Academy used a bikini equally a message board confronting a New York City visit by Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.[158]

By the terminate of the century, the bikini went on to get the most pop beachwear around the globe, according to French mode historian Olivier Saillard due to "the power of women, and non the power of fashion". As he explains, "The emancipation of swimwear has always been linked to the emancipation of women",[ane] though 1 survey tells 85% of all bikinis never touch the water.[153] Co-ordinate to Beth Dincuff Charleston, enquiry associate at the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, "The bikini represents a social bound involving body consciousness, moral concerns, and sexual attitudes."[39] By the early 2000s, bikinis had go a US$811 1000000 business annually, according to the NPD Grouping, a consumer and retail information company.[71] The bikini has boosted spin-off services similar bikini waxing and the lord's day tanning industries.[ii]

Continued controversies [edit]

The bikini remained a pop topic for the news media. In May 2011, a quango by-law in Barcelona, Spain made information technology illegal to wear bikinis in public except in areas near the beaches. Violators faced fines of betwixt 120 and 300 euros.[159] In 2012, 2 students of St. Theresa's College in Cebu, the Philippines, were barred from attending their graduation ceremony for "aplenty body exposure" because their bikini pictures were posted on Facebook. The students sued the college and won a temporary stay in a regional court.[160]

In May 2013, Cambridge University banned the Wyverns Club of Magdalene College from arranging its annual bikini jelly wrestling competition.[161] [162] [163] [164] [165] In June 2013, actress Gwyneth Paltrow, who also is interested in fashion, produced a bikini for her wearable line that is designed to be worn by girls 4 to 8 years quondam. She was criticized for sexualizing young children by Claude Knight of Kidscape, a British foundation that strives to prevent kid abuse. He commented, "We remain very opposed to the sexualisation of children and of childhood ... is a great pity that such trends continue and that they carry celebrity endorsement."[166]

Four women were arrested over the 2013 Memorial 24-hour interval weekend in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina for indecent exposure when they wore thong bikinis that exposed their buttocks.[167] In June 2013, a commercial that included Pamela Anderson dancing in a bikini was banned by the British Advert Standards Authorisation for degrading women. Anderson played an role worker who became the subject field of a sexual fantasy of ane of her male colleagues.[168] [169] In 2002, clothing retailer Abercrombie & Fitch came nether criticism for selling child-sized thong bikinis and underwear.[170]

See also [edit]

  • Bikini in popular culture
  • Bikini variants
  • History of swimwear

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l 1000 n Westcott, Kathryn (June 5, 2006). "The Bikini: Not a cursory thing". BBC News . Retrieved September 17, 2008.
  2. ^ a b c Lorna Edwards, "You've still got it, babe, The Age, June 3, 2006
  3. ^ Prithvi Kumar Agrawala, Goddessess in Aboriginal India, page 12, Abhinav Publications, 1984, ISBN 0-391-02960-vi
  4. ^ a b c Cornwell, Rupert; John Lichfield (17 June 2006). "Blast and Bust: The nuclear age and the bikini historic period". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on May two, 2008. Retrieved thirty September 2008.
  5. ^ Stephanie Pedersen, Bra, folio 8, David & Charles, 2004, ISBN 0-7153-2067-X
  6. ^ Larissa Bonfante, Etruscan Dress, page 21, JHU Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8018-7413-0
  7. ^ a b Villa Romana del Casale, Val di Noto
  8. ^ Allen Guttmann, Women'due south Sports: A History, page 38, Columbia University Press, 1991, ISBN 0-231-06957-X
  9. ^ Villa Romana del Casale Archived 2008-12-23 at the Wayback Auto, World Heritage Sites
  10. ^ Darwin Porter & Danforth Prince, Frommer's Sicily, page 272, Frommer's, 2007, ISBN 0-470-10056-7
  11. ^ Allen Guttmann, The Erotic in Sports, page 31, Columbia University Printing, 1996, ISBN 0-231-10556-viii
  12. ^ Liz James, Women, Men, and Eunuchs, page 126, Routledge, 1997, ISBN 0-415-14686-0
  13. ^ Paul MacKendrick, The Mute Stones Speak, page 433, Norton, 1984, ISBN 0-393-30119-two
  14. ^ Neil Christie, From Constantine to Charlemagne, folio 431, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006, ISBN 1-85928-421-three
  15. ^ Philippe Ariès, Paul Veyne, Georges Duby & Arthur Goldhammer, A History of Individual Life, folio 651, Harvard University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-674-39974-9
  16. ^ Nils Johan Ringdal & Richard Daly, Dearest for Sale, page 151, Grove Printing, 2005, ISBN 0-8021-4184-half dozen
  17. ^ Janet Huskinson, Experiencing Rome, pages 162-163, Routledge, 2000, ISBN 0-415-21284-vii
  18. ^ a b George Saying Anossov Hanfmann, Roman Fine art: A Mod Survey of the Art of Imperial Rome, folio XXV, New York Graphic Guild, 1964, ASIN B001826ZJO
  19. ^ a b Museo Archeologico Nazionale (Napoli). "Venus in a bikini." Cir.campania.beniculturali.information technology. Accessed 3 October 2016. "The statuette portrays Aphrodite on the point of untying the laces of the sandal on her left foot, under which a small Eros squats, touching the sole of her shoe with his right paw. The Goddess is leaning with her left arm (the hand is missing) against a figure of Priapus standing, naked and disguised, positioned on a minor cylindrical altar while, next to her left thigh, there is a tree trunk over which the garment of the Goddess is folded. Aphrodite, almost completely naked, wears only a sort of costume, consisting of a corset held upward by two pairs of straps and two curt sleeves on the upper part of her arm, from which a long chain leads to her hips and forms a star-shaped motif at the level of her navel. The 'bikini', for which the statuette is famous, is obtained by the masterly use of the technique of gilding, also employed on her groin, in the pendant necklace and in the armilla on Aphrodite'southward right wrist, as well as on Priapus' phallus. Traces of the blood-red paint are evident on the tree torso, on the short curly pilus gathered back in a bun and on the lips of the Goddess, as well every bit on the heads of Priapus and the Eros. Aphrodite'due south eyes are made of drinking glass paste, while the presence of holes at the level of the ear-lobes suggest the being of precious metal ear-rings which have since been lost. An interesting insight into the female ornaments of Roman times, the statuette, probably imported from the surface area of Alexandria, reproduces with a few modifications the statuary blazon of Aphrodite untying her sandal, known from copies in bronze and terracotta."
  20. ^ Barbara F. McManus, Roman Habiliment, The Higher of New Rochelle, 2003
  21. ^ a b Judith Lynn Sebesta &, Larissa Bonfante, The Globe of Roman Costume, pages 234-235, Wisconsin Press, 1994, ISBN 0-299-13854-2
  22. ^ a b Liza Cleland, Glenys Davies & Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones, Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z, Routledge, 2007, ISBN 0-415-22661-9
  23. ^ "Bodies at the Museum of London", 1998-eleven-01
  24. ^ Liza Cleland, Glenys Davies & Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones, Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z, page 19, Routledge, 2007, ISBN 0-415-22661-9
  25. ^ Pompeian Households, Stoa Image Gallery Archived 2015-10-15 at the Wayback Motorcar, The Stoa Consortium
  26. ^ Mary Bristles & John Henderson, Classical Art, page 116, Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-xix-284237-4
  27. ^ Elisabeth B. MacDougall, Wilhelmina Mary Feemster Jashemski & Dumbarton Oaks, Aboriginal Roman Gardens, page 38, Dumbarton Oaks, 1979, ISBN 0-88402-100-ix
  28. ^ a b David Willey, "Pompeii's erotic art goes on show", BBC News, 2000-04-sixteen
  29. ^ Roderick Conway Morris, "The Chaos and Colour of the Ancient Globe", International Herald Tribune, page one, 1998-06-27
  30. ^ Louis Crompton, Homosexuality & Civilisation, page 98, Harvard University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-674-02233-5
  31. ^ Martial, Lindsay Watson & Patricia A. Watson, Select Epigrams, folio 189, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-55539-6
  32. ^ John Anthony Cuddon, The Macmillan Dictionary of Sports and Games, p.393, Macmillan, 1980, ISBN 0-333-19163-3
  33. ^ a b c d e Claudia B. Kidwell, Women's Bathing and Swimming Costume in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Printing, City of Washington, 1968
  34. ^ Herbert Sanchez, A Brief History Of Bathing Suits, Article Garden
  35. ^ a b Sydelle, John. "The Swimsuit Industry". Chron. Retrieved 29 Baronial 2013.
  36. ^ Liz Conor, The spectacular modern woman: feminine visibility in the 1920s, page 152, Indiana University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-253-34391-7
  37. ^ Esquire, Inc. v. Walker, Postmaster General, 55 F. Supp. 1015: Esquire v. Walker, Commune Of Columbia District Court - 55 F. Supp. 1015, July xv, 1944
  38. ^ Jean Preer, "The Postmaster General and The Magazine for Men", Prologue Magazine, page 3, Spring 1990, Vol. 23, No. 1, U.Due south. National Archives and Records Assistants
  39. ^ a b c d due east f thou Hoover, Elizabeth D. (5 July 2006). "60 Years of Bikinis". American Heritage Inc. Archived from the original on ix September 2007. Retrieved xiii November 2007.
  40. ^ The Outset History of Swimwear Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine, Global Intimate Wearable, 08-07-2012
  41. ^ Jean Preer, "The Postmaster General and "The Magazine for Men"Prologue Magazine, folio one, Bound 1990, Vol. 23, No. 1, U.S. National Athenaeum and Records Administration
  42. ^ a b "History of the Bikini". Carnival.
  43. ^ Kadolph, Sara J.; Langford, Anna L. (2001). Textiles (ix ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN0-13-025443-six.
  44. ^ "Vintage Swimwear Timeline". Glamoursurf.com. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  45. ^ a b The Bikini, Metropolitan Museum of Art
  46. ^ "Sexual practice in Movie theatre: 1933 Greatest and Most Influential Erotic / Sexual Films and Scenes". www.filmsite.org.
  47. ^ a b c Sandhu, David (August four, 2003). "Nottingham: Bathed in nostalgia". The Telegraph. London.
  48. ^ "Fashions of 1934 (1934) - IMDb". IMDb.
  49. ^ Samantha Critchell, "Fiddling wonder that bikinis have fit in most from the start Archived 2008-12-25 at the Wayback Machine", The San Diego Union-Tribune, 2006-05-28
  50. ^ "World War II". The Toll of Liberty: Americans at War. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  51. ^ a b c Bikini Introduced Archived 2009-04-nineteen at the Wayback Auto, This Day in History, History Channel
  52. ^ a b "Bikini". Style Encyclopedia. Retrieved Baronial 30, 2013.
  53. ^ a b c d James Kitchling, "Short History of Bikinis and Swimsuits", Manufactures Primal, 2008-08-02
  54. ^ a b c d William Oscar Johnson, "In The Swim", Sports Illustrated, 1989-02-07
  55. ^ Gayle Kimball, Women'due south Civilization: The Women's Renaissance of the Seventies, page 141, Scarecrow Press, 1981, ISBN 0-8108-1455-two
  56. ^ Kathleen Morgan Drowne & Patrick Huber, The 1920s, page 104, Greenwood Publishing Grouping, 2004, ISBN 0-313-32013-6
  57. ^ Claudia Mitchell; Jacqueline Reid-Walsh (2008). Girl Culture: Studying daughter civilisation : a readers' guide Volume 1 of Daughter Civilization: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 702. ISBN9780313339097.
  58. ^ THE 1930s: Sports: Overview, Novel Guide
  59. ^ Esther Williams, Everything2
  60. ^ Steven Anzovin & Janet Podell, Famous Starting time Facts, folio 51, H.Due west. Wilson, 2000, ISBN 0-8242-0958-3
  61. ^ a b c Daniel Delis Hill, As Seen in Vogue, page 63, Texas Tech University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-89672-616-ix
  62. ^ a b c "Swimsuit Trivia – The Surprising History of the Bikini". Swimsuit-fashion.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  63. ^ a b Sage, Adam (April 16, 2006). "Happy altogether: the 'shocking and immoral' bikini hits 60". The Times. London.
  64. ^ Rosebush, Judson. "Michele Bernadini: The Offset Bikini". Bikini Science. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  65. ^ David Louis Gold (2009). Studies in Etymology and Etiology: With Emphasis on Germanic, Jewish, Romance and Slavic Languages. Universidad de Alicante. pp. 99–. ISBN978-84-7908-517-9 . Retrieved March nine, 2013.
  66. ^ Campbell, Richard H. (2005). The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. xviii, 186–189. ISBN0-7864-2139-8. OCLC 58554961.
  67. ^ Rubin, Sylvia (July two, 2006). "Fashion shocker of '46: the naked abdomen button / But the bikini wasn't a striking until Sixties". San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August xix, 2013.
  68. ^ a b Cocozza, Paula (June 10, 2006). "A little Slice of History". The Guardian. London.
  69. ^ a b "The Bikini Turns lx, 1946 to 2006: threescore Years of Bikini Bathing Beauties". Lilith E-Zine.
  70. ^ "The History of the Bikini". Elle. April 23, 2013. Retrieved Baronial 20, 2013.
  71. ^ a b c d east Rubin, Sylvia (July 2, 2006). "Style shocker of '46: the naked abdomen button". San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August 28, 2013.
  72. ^ Patrik Alac, Bikini Story, page, 52, Parkstone International, 2012, ISBN 9781780429519
  73. ^ a b c "The History of the Bikini". Time. July three, 2009. Archived from the original on July vi, 2009. Retrieved Baronial 17, 2013.
  74. ^ Lena Lanček and Gideon Bosker, Making Waves: Swimsuits and the Undressing of America, page xc, Cronicle Books, 1989, ISBN 9780877013983
  75. ^ a b Elissa Stein & Lee Meriwether, Beauty Queen, page 45, Chronicle Books, 2006, ISBN 0-8118-4864-seven
  76. ^ "History". Pageant Almanac. Pageant Almanac. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved Nov 6, 2008. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  77. ^ a b Susan Dewey, Making Miss India Miss Earth page 46, Syracuse University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-8156-3176-6
  78. ^ a b Han Shin, Beauty with a Purpose, folio 193, iUniverse, 2004, ISBN 0-595-30926-7
  79. ^ a b c Keith Lovegrove, Pageant: The Dazzler Contest, page 1967, teNeues, 2002, ISBN 3-8238-5569-7
  80. ^ a b Diverse, Selvedge: The Fabric of Your Life, folio 39, Selvedge Ltd., 2005
  81. ^ Maass, Harold (June seven, 2013). "The controversial bikini ban at the Miss World beauty pageant". Retrieved Baronial 22, 2013.
  82. ^ a b Ben Marcus and Jeff Divine, Surfing USA!: An Illustrated History of the Coolest Sport of All Time, page 60, MVP Books, 2005, ISBN 978-0-89658-690-1
  83. ^ "Miss America Stops in Paris—Traffic, Also". Los Angeles Times. August vii, 1949. p. i.
  84. ^ Charles Sprawson, Haunts of the Black Masseur: The Swimmer as Hero, folio 267, Pantheon Books, 1992, ISBN 0-679-42051-seven
  85. ^ From Scandalous Outfit to Must-Take - the Bikini celebrates its 60th Ceremony, Regina Europa, 2008-03-02
  86. ^ Jennifer Craik, The Face of Style, folio 148, Routledge, 1993, ISBN 0-415-05262-9
  87. ^ Vanessa R. Schwartz, It'southward So French!: Hollywood, Paris, and the Making of Cosmopolitan Film Civilization, page 79, University of Chicago Printing, 2007, ISBN 0-226-74243-1
  88. ^ Cari Beauchamp & Henri Béhar, Hollywood on the Riviera: The Inside Story of the Cannes Film Festival, page 165, W. Morrow and Co., 1992, ISBN 0-688-11007-Ten
  89. ^ "The History of the Bikini". ELLE. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 21 Baronial 2013.
  90. ^ Suzy Menkes, "Runways: Remembrance of Thongs Past", The New York Times, 1993-07-18
  91. ^ Frank A. Salamone, Reflections on Theory and History in Anthropology, folio 208, University Press of America, 2006, ISBN 0-7618-3454-0
  92. ^ Zacharek, Stephanie. "The Unholy Married woman". Turner Archetype Movies. Retrieved xxx August 2013.
  93. ^ Giles Tremlett, "How the bikini Saved Espana", Ghosts of Kingdom of spain: Travels Through a Country's Subconscious Past, page 102, Faber & Faber, 2008, ISBN 9780571247905
  94. ^ James Peterson, The Century of Sexual activity, folio 184, Grove Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8021-1652-three
  95. ^ Henrik Vejlgaard, Anatomy of a Tendency, page 94, McGraw-Hill Professional person, 2008, ISBN 0-07-148870-7
  96. ^ Frank A. Salamone, Popular Culture in the Fifties, page 76, University Press of America, 2001, ISBN 0-7618-2103-1
  97. ^ Rachel Moseley, Fashioning Picture Stars: Clothes, Civilisation, Identity, page 136, BFI, 2005, ISBN 1-84457-067-3
  98. ^ David Hinckley, "Tarzan's defenders wrap themselves in morality", The Buffalo News, 1992-04-29
  99. ^ Anthony Slide, Banned in the U.South.A.: British Films in the United states of america and Their Censorship, 1933-1966, page 152, I.B. Tauris, 1998, ISBN 9781860642548
  100. ^ Gerald R. Butters, Banned in Kansas: Motility Motion picture Censorship, 1915-1966, page 284, University of Missouri Press, 2007, ISBN 9780826266033
  101. ^ Daniel Delis Loma, Advertisement to the American Woman, 1900-1999, page 162, Ohio State University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8142-0890-eight
  102. ^ Bikinis nonetheless beside of way, IOL News
  103. ^ Arthur Asa Berger, Reading Affair: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Material Culture , page 105, Transaction Publishers, 1992, ISBN 0-88738-435-8
  104. ^ Margaret Maynard, Out of Line, folio 153, UNSW Press, 2001, ISBN 0-86840-515-ix
  105. ^ James Rothaar, "Bikinis Exposed: Happy 60th Anniversary!", JustLuxé, LuxeMont, 2004
  106. ^ Romero, Frances (5 July 2011). "Annette Funicello and Beach Party". Fourth dimension. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved fifteen Baronial 2013.
  107. ^ "The History of the Bikini". Time. 3 July 2009. Archived from the original on July 6, 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  108. ^ Gibson, Megan (5 July 2011). "Sports Illustrated's First Swimsuit Issue". Fourth dimension. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  109. ^ Turner, Julia (29 July 2013). "A Brief History of the Bikini". Slate . Retrieved 27 August 2013.
  110. ^ The Briefer Bikini, Time Online
  111. ^ Dorothy Kilgallen, "Jayne's Touring Strawhats in Bikinis", Washington Post, page B11, 1964-07-22
  112. ^ Staff Contributor, "The bare facts at terminal, all those hours at the gym volition pay off with spring's slightly skimpy fashions", Miami Herald, page D1, 1986-03-12
  113. ^ Kathryn Wexler, "Old-time eroticism: When bikinis really mattered", Miami Herald, 2006-04-19
  114. ^ Jennifer Steinhauer, "In, Damned Spot!, New York Times, 1997-05-11
  115. ^ Bond girl Ursula sells Dr. No bikini Archived 2008-09-25 at the Wayback Machine, CNN; Retrieved: 2008-01-14
  116. ^ 100 Greatest Sexy Moments (in film), Channel iv
  117. ^ Ursula Andress - Dr No - 1962, Virgin Media; Retrieved: 2008-01-fourteen
  118. ^ Honey Ryder - Dr No (1962), Virgin Media; Retrieved: 2008-01-fourteen
  119. ^ Damien Henderson, Andress: best ever bikini scene Archived 2009-02-14 at the Wayback Machine, The Herald (Glasgow), 2007-06-07; Retrieved: 2008-01-fourteen
  120. ^ Tom Lisanti, Louis Paul; Flick Fatales: Women in Espionage Films and Television, 1962-1973; pages 36-37; McFarland & Company; 2002; ISBN 0-7864-1194-5
  121. ^ James Chapman; Licence to Thrill: A Cultural History of the James Bond Films; page 81; Columbia University Printing; 2001; ISBN 0-231-12049-iv
  122. ^ Dr No bikini for sale, BBC; Retrieved: 2008-01-03
  123. ^ Bennett, Will (13 January 2011). "Former Bond girl to sell Dr No bikini". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
  124. ^ Weekes, Karen (5 April 2007). Women know everything!: 3,241 quips, quotes, & brilliant remarks. Quirk Books. p. 419. ISBN978-1-59474-169-two . Retrieved 16 May 2011.
  125. ^ Rubin, Martin (1999). Thrillers (Starting time ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge Univiversity Printing. p. 128. ISBN0-521-58839-1.
  126. ^ Cambridge Film Trust. (2016). One Million Years B.C. Cambridge Moving-picture show Festival. Retrieved December five, 2016.
  127. ^ Filmfacts 1967 Vol. ten No. 4. University of Southern California Sectionalization of Movie theater, American Moving picture Institute. fifteen June 1967. p. 42. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
  128. ^ a b Mansour, David (2005). From Abba to Zoom: a pop civilization encyclopedia of the tardily 20th century. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 345. ISBN978-0-7407-5118-9 . Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  129. ^ Otfinoski, Steven (2007). Latinos in the arts. Infobase Publishing. p. 243. ISBN978-0-8160-6394-ix.
  130. ^ Gayomali, Chris (July 5, 2011). "Raquel Welch's Fur Bikini in One Million Years B.C. - Top x Bikinis in Popular Civilization". Time. Archived from the original on July nine, 2011. Retrieved 28 Baronial 2012.
  131. ^ Townsend, Allie (v July 2011). "Princess Leia'south Gold Bikini in Render of the Jedi". Fourth dimension. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  132. ^ Goldstein, Rachel (5 July 2011). "Miss America Pageant's Bikini Debut in 1997". Time. Archived from the original on May 24, 2009.
  133. ^ a b Patton, Susan Ruiz (11 September 1997). "A Bikini Isn't The Choice Of Miss Pa. For The Kickoff Time In 77 Years, Contestants In Miss America Pageant Tin can Choose Their Swimwear. Heather Busin Prefers Jumpsuit". McCalls. Retrieved 27 Baronial 2013.
  134. ^ Goldstein, Rachel (5 July 2011). "Miss America Pageant's Bikini Debut in 1997". Time. Archived from the original on July nine, 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  135. ^ Amanda Kotel, "What'due south the Bargain with Bikini Contests?", Muscle and Trunk Magazine, October 2012
  136. ^ Stuff Reporter, "Beingness Sharmila, all through life", The Hindu, 2006-04-03
  137. ^ Lalit Mohan Joshi & Gulzar, Derek Malcolm, Bollywood, folio 20, Lucky Dissanayake, 2002, ISBN 0-9537032-2-three
  138. ^ B. K. Karanjia, Unmeant in Wonderland, page 18, Vikas Publishing House, 1990, ISBN 0-7069-4961-7
  139. ^ Sharmila Tagore Archived 2012-07-07 at archive.today, Showbiz Legends, SantaBanta
  140. ^ Diverse writers, Rashtriya Sahara, folio 28, Sahara Bharat Mass Advice, 2002
  141. ^ a b c Avijit Ghosh, "Bollywood's unfinished revolution", The Times of India, 2006-07-02
  142. ^ Stuff Reporter, "That itsy bitsy thing Archived 2009-01-12 at the Wayback Machine", Times of Republic of india, 2006-06-16
  143. ^ Subhash G Jha, "Bollywood'south 10 hottest actresses of all fourth dimension, Times of Bharat, 2003-01-nineteen
  144. ^ Sumita S. Chakravarty, National Identity in Indian Popular Picture palace, 1947-1987, page 321, Academy of Texas Press, 1993, ISBN 0-292-75551-i
  145. ^ Stephen Alter, Fantasies of a Bollywood Love Thief: Inside the World of Indian Moviemaking, page 7, Harcourt, 2007, ISBN 0-15-603084-5
  146. ^ Preeti Mudliar, "Without Cuts", Pune Newsline, 2005-04-xi
  147. ^ William Safire, No Uncertain Terms, page 291, Simon & Schuster, 2003, ISBN 0-7432-4955-0
  148. ^ Trish Donnally, ""Inis" Are In", San Francisco Chronicle, 1999-05-18
  149. ^ Barry J. Blake, Playing with Words: Sense of humor in the English, page 59, Equinox, 2007, ISBN 1-84553-330-5
  150. ^ David Diefendorf & James Randi, Amazing... Only Fake!: Hundreds of "Facts" You Thought Were True, But Aren't, page 33, Sterling, 2007, ISBN i-4027-3791-2
  151. ^ Fashion Contributor, "Swimsuits take some inspiration from the by", Philadelphia Inquirer, 1985-11-10
  152. ^ Siobhan Morrissey, "Bikinis made in teeny-weeny time, Palm Beach Post, folio 1D, 1991-08-28
  153. ^ a b Jayne Dawson, "Sexy at lx", 2006-07-25
  154. ^ "The History of the Bikini". ELLE magazine. Apr 23, 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  155. ^ "Photos: On this day – July 5, 1946 – the starting time bikini goes on sale". New Haven Register. Archived from the original on 23 Baronial 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  156. ^ News desk-bound, "Nudity with a cause", Contained Online, 2005-08-24
  157. ^ Alexander Villafania, "[Alicia Mayer wears lettuce bikini for a cause]", Inquirer, 2007-02-28
  158. ^ Karen A Arenson,"A Campus Buzzes With Protestation and Political Argue", The New York Times, 2007-09-25
  159. ^ Govan, Fiona (2011-05-31). "Barcelona bans bikinis on its streets". The Telegraph. London.
  160. ^ Romero, Purple (29 March 2012). "Bikini, Facebook and school policies: A complex legal maze". Rappler.com . Retrieved xv August 2013.
  161. ^ "'Sexist' Cambridge University jelly wrestling cancelled", BBC
  162. ^ "Cambridge jelly wrestling 'tradition' is no more", Independent
  163. ^ Kristene Quan, "Bikini Wrestling Gets Canned at Cambridge", Fourth dimension magazine, May xiii, 2013
  164. ^ Hayley Dixon, "Cambridge jelly wrestling issue cancelled after online petition", The Telegraph, 07 May 2013
  165. ^ Rebecca Klein, "Cambridge University Jelly Wrestling Competition Canceled After Petition Calls Event 'Sexist'", Haffington Mail, 05/10/2013
  166. ^ Weiss, Ashli (June 2013). "Tag Archives: bikini Gwyneth Paltrow's Child Bikinis Cause Uproar". fashionlawsociety.com. Archived from the original on August 30, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  167. ^ Dionne, Evette. "South Carolina Police Arrest Iv Women for Wearing Thong Bikinis at Myrtle Beach". Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  168. ^ "Here'due south the bikini-clad Pam Anderson ad the Uk won't let you run across". MSN.COM. 7 June 2013. Archived from the original on nineteen October 2013. Retrieved 16 Baronial 2013.
  169. ^ "Pamela Anderson Advert Banned in United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland for Being "Sexist and Degrading to Women"". The states Weekly. 2013-06-05. Retrieved 2013-09-03 .
  170. ^ "Abercrombie criticized for sexy undies". money.cnn.com. May 22, 2002. Retrieved September 17, 2018.

External links [edit]

  • "Bikini Timeline", Los Angeles Times
  • Bikini Science -- A Comprehensive History of the Bikini and Species of Swimwear
  • Cole of California and history of the bikini

ouelletteollare.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_bikini

Post a Comment for "Sexy Bathing Suits Sexy Bathing Suits That You Can Find Near Me"